Pharmacologic management of chronic heart failure (HF) is primarily determined by the patient's left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and severity of symptoms. Patients with chronic HF who have an LVEF ≤40% are considered to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and those with an LVEF ≥50% are considered to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with an LVEF of 41-49% have heart failure with mildly reduced or mid-range ejection fraction.1,2
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According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), as of April 24 there have been 844 confirmed cases of measles in the US in 2025; 11% of cases have resulted in hospitalization and 3 patients have died. The majority of cases (96%) have been in unvaccinated persons or in those whose vaccination history was unknown.1
TRANSMISSION — The measles virus can be transmitted by direct contact with or airborne exposure to infectious droplets. Importation of measles by international travelers has led to outbreaks in the US, primarily in unvaccinated persons.
RECOMMENDATIONS — No antiviral drugs have been approved by the FDA for treatment or prevention of measles. The live-attenuated MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine [or the MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccine in children 12 months-12 years old], offers the best protection against measles; one dose is 93% and two doses are 97% …